FRP FibreGlass Grating Test Certificates ผลทดสอบ การรับแรง การทนสารเคมี ตะแกรงไฟเบอร์กล๊าสเสริมแรง
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FiberGlass Grating Loading Data Sheet
ความสามารถในการรับน้ำหนักของตะแกรงไฟเบอร์กล๊าส
Manhole Cover Test Certificate ผลการทดสอบฝาบ่อปิดครอบท่อพักระบบบำบัดน้ำเสีย
Material FRP FibreGlass Comparison / เปรียบเทียบคุณสมบัติวัสดุไฟเบอร์กล๊าส เหล็กหล่อเหนียว พลาสติค
วิธีการติดตั้งฝาบ่อปิดท่อพักระบายน้ำ Manhole Cover with Frame Installation Method
วิธีการบำรุงรักษา ยกเปิดปิด ฝาบ่อปิดท่อพักระบายน้ำ How to open-close Manhole Cover with Frame
1. No recover value: It will solve steal problem thoroughly since no value for recycle
Good wear and corrosion resistance: It will never rusts because it has good wear and corrosion resistance
2. Long service life: It can be used more than 30 years and there is no any crack in the experiment of 2,000,000 fatigue shocks
Well sealed: It can be used hermetically, and effectively prevent those poisonous gases leaking out from cesspool
3. Light weight high tensile for easy installation
High load capacity: Its high load capacity exceeds the ductile iron and insulation
4. Free Design: It can be designed according to userss demands. Including color, pattern, specification
No any jangle: There is neither nor rebound when cars pass through
5. Made to order for any sizes and your own Logo are optional
Competitive Price as compare to ductile iron material
Definition of polyester resin any of various synthetic resins or plastics consisting of or made from polyesters: such as a resin that has the same chemical composition as the common polyester fiber but that is extruded as a film (as for use in packaging, as electrical insulation, or as a base for magnetic recording tapes) c : a thermosetting resin that is made from an unsaturated polyester (as one formed from a glycol and maleic acid or fumaric acid), cured by copolymerization (as with styrene), and often reinforced with fillers (as glass fibers) and that is used chiefly in impregnating and laminating and in making cast and molded products
For the thermal insulation material sometimes called fiberglass, see glass wool. For the glass fiber itself, also sometimes called fiberglass, see glass fiber. For similar composite materials in which the reinforcement fiber is carbon fibers, see carbon-fiber-reinforced polymer.
Fiberglass (or fibreglass) is a type of fiber-reinforced plastic where the reinforcement fiber is specifically glass fiber. The glass fiber may be randomly arranged, flattened into a sheet (called a chopped strand mat), or woven into a fabric. The plastic matrix may be a thermosetting plastic most often epoxy, polyester resin or vinylester, or a thermoplastic.
The glass fibers are made of various types of glass depending upon the fiberglass use. These glasses all contain silica or silicate, with varying amounts of oxides of calcium, magnesium, and sometimes boron. To be used in fiberglass, glass fibers have to be made with very low levels of defects.
Fiberglass is a strong lightweight material and is used for many products. Although it is not as strong and stiff as composites based on carbon fiber, it is less brittle, and its raw materials are much cheaper. Its bulk strength and weight are also better than many metals, and it can be more readily molded into complex shapes. Applications of fiberglass include aircraft, boats, automobiles, bath tubs and enclosures, swimming pools, hot tubs, septic tanks, water tanks, roofing, pipes, cladding, casts, surfboards, and external door skins.
Other common names for fiberglass are glass-reinforced plastic (GRP),[1] glass-fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP)[2] or GFK (from German: Glasfaserverst?rkter Kunststoff). Because glass fiber itself is sometimes referred to as "fiberglass", the composite is also called "fiberglass reinforced plastic." This article will adopt the convention that "fiberglass" refers to the complete glass fiber reinforced composite material, rather than only to the glass fiber within it.
ที่มาเกี่ยวกับไฟเบอร์กลาส | History of FRP FibreGlass
บางคนรู้จัก"ไฟเบอร์กลาส"ว่าเป็นวัสดุผสม หรือพลาสติกเสริมแรง ใช้ผลิตเป็นหลังคา รถกระบะ หรืออ่างอาบน้ำ แต่แท้จริงแล้ว "ไฟเบอร์กลาส" ก็คือ "เส้นใยแก้ว" มีความหมาย ที่แปลตรงตัว เส้นใยแก้วถูกนำไปใช้เป็นวัสดุช่วยเสริมแรงให้กับพลาสติกเรซิน และขึ้นรูป เป็นผลิตภัณฑ์ต่างๆ เช่น หลังคารถกระบะ อ่างอาบน้ำ เรือ ชิ้นส่วนเครื่องบินเล็ก ถังน้ำขนาด ใหญ่ ชิ้นส่วนรถแข่ง ผลิตภัณฑ์คอนกรีตเสริมใยแก้ว(Glass Reinforced Concrete, GRC) เป็นต้น นอกจากสมบัติความแข็งแรง ทนแรงดึงได้สูงมากแล้ว เส้นใยแก้วยังมีสมบัติด้าน การเป็นฉนวนความร้อน ถูกใช้เป็นฉนวนในเตา ตู้เย็น หรือวัสดุก่อสร้าง นอกจากนั้น เส้นใยแก้วสามารถทอเป็นผืนผ้า เย็บเป็นชิ้น และด้วยโครงสร้างที่ทำให้ ผลิตภัณฑ์ทำจาก เส้นใยแก้วมีช่องว่างภายใน ที่ถูกดักเก็บไว้ทำให้มีความสามารถในการป้องกันความร้อนได้ดี เหมาะที่จะทำผ้าหนุนด้านใน เพื่อเป็นฉนวนที่ดีเช่นเดียวกับที่ใช้กับตู้เย็นหรือเสื้อหนาว ผ้าจากเส้นใยแก้วไม่มีการดูดซึมน้ำ ใช้เป็นผ้ากันน้ำ ไม่เกิดการหดตัวและไม่เกิดผลเสีย จากน้ำ
เส้นใยแก้วมีขนาดและความยาวหลากหลายขนาด เส้นใยอาจยาวเหมือนเส้นด้าย ยาวมากไปจนถึงเส้นใยที่สั้นมากจนมองด้วยตาเปล่าไม่เห็น เส้นใยแก้วผลิตจากส่วนประกอบ ของทรายแก้ว หินปูน หินฟันม้า เติมกรดบอริกและสารเติมแต่งอื่นๆ ถูกหลอมเหลวภายใน เตาไฟฟ้าที่อุณหภูมิสูงมากถึง 1370 องศาเซลเซียส ซึ่งหากมีการควบคุมคุณภาพส่วนผสม เป็นอย่างดี ให้มีความบริสุทธิ์ ก็ไม่จำเป็นต้องทำให้เป็นลูกแก้วเพื่อคัดเลือกลูกแก้วที่ดี มาหลอมเป็นน้ำแก้วใหม่อีกครั้ง หลังจากนั้น จะเข้าสู่กระบวนการรีดเป็นเส้นใยยาว โดยเส้นใยถูกดึงออกจากหัวรีด และถูกม้วนเก็บด้วยความเร็วที่สูงกว่าความเร็วของใยแก้ว ที่ถูกอัดออกจากหัวรีด ซึ่งเท่ากับเป็นการยืดดึงในขณะที่เส้นใยยังอ่อนตัว ได้เส้นใยขนาด เล็กลงก่อนการแข็งตัว เส้นใยยาวนี้มักนิยมใช้ทำผ้าม่าน หากต้องการทำเป็นเส้นใยสั้น ก็จะถูกตัดด้วยแรงลมให้มีความยาวแตกต่างกันออกไป ซึ่งนิยมนำไปทำผลิตภัณฑ์เทปหรือผ้า ในงานอุตสาหกรรม เพื่อป้องกันเสียง อุณหภูมิและไฟ
"ไฟเบอร์กลาส" ในภาษาของวัสดุเสริมแรงที่รู้จักทั่วไป ในการทำหลังคารถกระบะ หรือชิ้นส่วนที่ต้องการความแข็งแรงนั้น ผลิตจากการนำชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบมาขัดผิวด้านนอกด้วย ขี้ผึ้งถอดแบบ วางผ้าใยแก้วบนชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบ ทาด้วยเรซินที่ผสมตัวทำให้แข็งให้มีความหนา ตามต้องการ เมื่อเรซินแข็งตัวแล้วดึงชิ้นส่วนไฟเบอร์กลาสออกจากชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบ นำมาขัด แต่งผิวด้านนอกให้เรียบร้อย การสร้างชิ้นส่วนไฟเบอร์กลาสจากวิธีนี้จะขาดรายละเอียดและ ความสวยงาม แตกต่างจากวิธีที่ใช้แม่พิมพ์ ซึ่งเหมาะสำหรับชิ้นส่วนจำนวนมาก แต่มีขั้นตอน ยุ่งยากกว่าวิธีแรก โดยเราต้องสร้างแม่พิมพ์ขึ้นมาจากชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบเสียก่อน เมื่อได้แม่พิมพ์ แล้วจึงนำมาสร้างชิ้นส่วนไฟเบอร์กลาสที่ต้องการ ชิ้นส่วนที่สร้างขึ้นมามีความสวยงามเหมือนกับ ต้นแบบทุกประการ และสามารถเสริมความแข็งแรงในบริเวณที่ต้องการโดยเพิ่มความหนา ของใยแก้วหลายๆ ชั้น
ไฟเบอร์กลาสผลิตขึ้นจากสารเคมีและวัสดุหลายชนิด ซึ่งเป็นอันตรายต่อสุขภาพ เช่น ดวงตา ผิวหนัง ระบบทางเดินหายใจ ดังนั้น จึงควรระมัดระวังและใส่อุปกรณ์ป้องกัน ในขณะที่ทำ ชิ้นส่วนจากไฟเบอร์กลาส
โรงงานผู้ผลิตเกรตติ้งฝาบ่อฝาท่อตะแกรงระบายน้ำ grating manhole : Glass fibers have been produced for centuries, but mass production of glass strands was accidentally discovered in 1932 when Games Slayter, a researcher at Owens-Illinois, directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. A patent for this method of producing glass wool was first applied for in 1933.Owens joined with the Corning company in 1935 and the method was adapted by Owens Corning to produce its patented "fibreglas" (one "s") in 1936. Originally, fibreglas was a glass wool with fibers entrapping a great deal of gas, making it useful as an insulator, especially at high temperatures.
A suitable resin for combining the "fibreglass" with a plastic to produce a composite material was developed in 1936 by du Pont. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamid's resin of 1942. Peroxide curing systems were used by then. With the combination of fiberglass and resin the gas content of the material was replaced by plastic. This reduced the insulation properties to values typical of the plastic, but now for the first time the composite showed great strength and promise as a structural and building material. Confusingly, many glass fiber composites continued to be called "fiberglass" (as a generic name) and the name was also used for the low-density glass wool product containing gas instead of plastic.
Ray Greene of Owens Corning is credited with producing the first composite boat in 1937, but did not proceed further at the time due to the brittle nature of the plastic used. In 1939 Russia was reported to have constructed a passenger boat of plastic materials, and the United States a fuselage and wings of an aircraft. The first car to have a fiber-glass body was a 1946 prototype of the Stout Scarab, but the model did not enter production.
นำส่วนผสมทั้งหมดหลอมในเตาไฟฟ้าที่อุณหภูมิสูงมากถึง 1370 องศาเซลเซียสเพื่อให้ได้น้ำแก้ว จากนั้นจะเข้าสู่กระบวนการรีดเป็นเส้นใยยาวโดยเส้นใยจะถูกดึงออกจากหัวรีดและถูกม้วนเก็บด้วยความเร็วที่สูงกว่าความเร็วของใยแก้วที่ถูกอัดออกจากหัวรีด ซึ่งเท่ากับเป็นการยืดดึงในขณะที่เส้นใยยังอ่อนตัวทำให้ได้เส้นใยขนาดเล็กลงก่อนการแข็งตัว หากต้องการทำเป็นเส้นใยสั้นก็ทำได้โดยการตัดด้วยแรงลม สามารถทำให้เส้นใยมีความยาวแตกต่างกันออกไป
อย่างไรก็ตาม ในขั้นตอนการหลอม ถ้าหากไม่มีการควบคุมคุณภาพของส่วนผสมให้บริสุทธิ์แล้วก็จำเป็นต้องหลอมและทำน้ำแก้วให้เป็นลูกแก้วก่อนเพื่อคัดลูกแก้วที่บริสุทธิ์มาหลอมให้เป็นน้ำแก้วใหม่อีกครั้ง แต่ถ้าหากมีการควบคุมคุณภาพของส่วนผสมแล้ว ก็สามารถรีดเส้นใยจากน้ำแก้วในเตาได้เลย
ส่วน"ไฟเบอร์กลาส"ในความหมายของวัสดุเสริมแรงนั้น ผลิตได้สองวิธี คือ วิธีแรกนำชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบมาขัดผิวด้านนอกด้วยขี้ผึ้งถอดแบบ วางผ้าใยแก้วบนชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบ ทาด้วยเรซินที่ผสมตัวทำให้แข็งให้มีความหนาตามต้องการ เมื่อเรซินแข็งตัวแล้วดึงชิ้นส่วนไฟเบอร์กลาสออกจากชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบ นำมาขัดแต่งผิวด้านนอกให้เรียบร้อย การสร้างชิ้นส่วนไฟเบอร์กลาสด้วยวิธีนี้จะขาดรายละเอียดและความสวยงามแตกต่างจากวิธีที่สองที่ใช้แม่พิมพ์ วิธีนี้จะเหมาะสำหรับชิ้นส่วนจำนวนมาก แต่มีขั้นตอนยุ่งยากกว่าวิธีแรก โดยเราต้องสร้างแม่พิมพ์ขึ้นมาจากชิ้นส่วนต้นแบบเสียก่อน เมื่อได้แม่พิมพ์ แล้วจึงนำมาสร้างชิ้นส่วนไฟเบอร์กลาสที่ต้องการ ชิ้นส่วนที่สร้างขึ้นมามีความสวยงามเหมือนกับต้นแบบทุกประการ และสามารถเสริมความแข็งแรงในบริเวณที่ต้องการโดยเพิ่มความหนาของใยแก้วหลายๆ ชั้น
The process of manufacturing fiberglass is called pultrusion.[citation needed] The manufacturing process for glass fibers suitable for reinforcement uses large furnaces to gradually melt the silica sand, limestone, kaolin clay, fluorspar, colemanite, dolomite and other minerals to liquid form. It is then extruded through bushings, which are bundles of very small orifices (typically 525 micrometres in diameter for E-Glass, 9 micrometres for S-Glass). These filaments are then sized (coated) with a chemical solution. The individual filaments are now bundled in large numbers to provide a roving. The diameter of the filaments, and the number of filaments in the roving, determine its weight, typically expressed in one of two measurement systems:
yield, or yards per pound (the number of yards of fiber in one pound of material; thus a smaller number means a heavier roving). Examples of standard yields are 225yield, 450yield, 675yield.
tex, or grams per km (how many grams 1 km of roving weighs, inverted from yield; thus a smaller number means a lighter roving). Examples of standard tex are 750tex, 1100tex, 2200tex.
These rovings are then either used directly in a composite application such as pultrusion, filament winding (pipe), gun roving (where an automated gun chops the glass into short lengths and drops it into a jet of resin, projected onto the surface of a mold), or in an intermediary step, to manufacture fabrics such as chopped strand mat (CSM) (made of randomly oriented small cut lengths of fiber all bonded together), woven fabrics, knit fabrics or uni-directional fabrics.
Chopped strand mat
Chopped strand mat or CSM is a form of reinforcement used in fiberglass. It consists of glass fibers laid randomly across each other and held together by a binder.
It is typically processed using the hand lay-up technique, where sheets of material are placed in a mold and brushed with resin. Because the binder dissolves in resin, the material easily conforms to different shapes when wetted out. After the resin cures, the hardened product can be taken from the mold and finished.
Using chopped strand mat gives a fiberglass with isotropic in-plane material properties.
1. Corrosion Resistance:ไม่เป็นสนิม และทนต่อการกัดกร่อน
2. Temperature Resistance:ผลิตภัณฑ์ไฟเบอร์กลาสทนความร้อนได้ดีมาก สามารถทนอุณหภูมิตั้งแต่ -30ถึง +120 ขึ้นอยู่กับชนิดของเรซิ่นที่เลือกใช้
3. Lightweight:น้ำหนัก เบาประหยัดค่าก่อสร้าง ด้วยน้ำหนักที่เบากว่าเหล็กถึง4เท่า ทำให้สะดวกต่อการยก ประกอบและติดตั้ง ช่วยประหยัดค่าใช้จ่าย
4. Flextural Strength:โครงสร้างแข็งแรงให้ตัวได้ ป้องกันการรั่วซึมหรือร้าว
5. Long-lasting:ไม่เน่าเปื่อยหรือผุกร่อนทนทุกสภาวะสิ่งแวดล้อมคงรูปเดิมได้ดี ไม่มีการหด
6. Low coefficient of friction:ผิวเรียบเนียนทำให้แรงเสียดทานต่ำ
7. Insulation:เป็นฉนวนไฟฟ้าและไม่นำความร้อน
8. Repair:ในกรณีสุดวิสัย เมื่อเกิดการชำรุดเสียหายสามารถซ่อมได้
9. Engineering Design:การออกแบบและคำนวณตามมาตรฐานของASTM ,JIS,BSและDIN
10. UV-Resistance and Grossy:สีสวยสดใส ทนต่อแสงแดดและแสงยูวี
An individual structural glass fiber is both stiff and strong in tension and compressionthat is, along its axis. Although it might be assumed that the fiber is weak in compression, it is actually only the long aspect ratio of the fiber which makes it seem so; i.e., because a typical fiber is long and narrow, it buckles easily.[7] On the other hand, the glass fiber is weak in shearthat is, across its axis. Therefore, if a collection of fibers can be arranged permanently in a preferred direction within a material, and if they can be prevented from buckling in compression, the material will be preferentially strong in that direction.
Furthermore, by laying multiple layers of fiber on top of one another, with each layer oriented in various preferred directions, the material's overall stiffness and strength can be efficiently controlled. In fiberglass, it is the plastic matrix which permanently constrains the structural glass fibers to directions chosen by the designer. With chopped strand mat, this directionality is essentially an entire two dimensional plane; with woven fabrics or unidirectional layers, directionality of stiffness and strength can be more precisely controlled within the plane.
A fiberglass component is typically of a thin "shell" construction, sometimes filled on the inside with structural foam, as in the case of surfboards. The component may be of nearly arbitrary shape, limited only by the complexity and tolerances of the mold used for manufacturing the shell.
The mechanical functionality of materials is heavily relied on the combined performances of both the resin (AKA matrix) and fibres. For example, in severe temperature condition (over 180 ?C) resin component of the composite may lose its functionality partially because of bond deterioration of resin and fibre.[8] However, GFRPs can show still significant residual strength after experiencing high temperature (200 ?C).
Our molded fiberglass grating and pultruded fiberglass grating provide unmatched corrosion resistance properties, especially when compared to steel flooring products. Strength, long life and safety are also superior qualities of our fiberglass grating products, and their electrically non-conductive properties make them the ideal option for floor grating.
We offer many types of fiberglass grating for all your different loading applications. Fiberglass grating applications range from architectural sun screening and fiberglass flooring to standard walkways and high load rolling applications. Grit surfaces and standard stock colors or custom colors are provided to suit your fiberglass application. Choose from our custom resin types for a fiberglass flooring product that is tailored to suit your corrosion resistance needs.
Molded fiberglass grating is a fiberglass-reinforced plastic (FRP) that combines fiberglass rovings with thermosetting resins to form a strong, one-piece molded panel. A 65%/35% resin to glass weight ratio provides high corrosion resistance. Meniscus surfaces or applied grit surfaces provide slip resistance when compared to steel flooring and other flooring products. This fiberglass grating product is better suited for corrosive environments.
Pultruded Pultruded Fiberglass Grating
Pultruded fiberglass grating is made using premium grade isophthalic polyester, vinyl ester or phenolic resin systems with a synthetic surfacing veil, making it corrosion resistant, lightweight and durable. Pultruded fiberglass has a grit surface for safety and a greater strength to weight ratio than molded fiberglass grating. A 35%/65% resin to glass ratio provides greater strength and less corrosion resistance than molded fiberglass grating. This product is better suited for longer spans of fiberglass flooring.
Fiberglass Covered Grating Our fiberglass covered grating is a long-lasting, molded fiberglass flooring product that combines smooth, gritted or checker plate and molded grating manufactured with any of our resin systems. It is the ideal choice when floor grating needs to be 100% covered. Our fiberglass covered grating is often used in loading and storage areas with high foot and cart traffic, where a strong, level surface is ideal. It offers approximately 50% higher stiffness values than that of open mesh grating and its standard grit-top cover assures secure footing.
Bullet Resistant Fiberglass Plate Our bullet resistant fiberglass plate offers superior ballistic resistance at a weight less than 25% that of a comparable steel panel. Now available for commercial security fiberglass applications for your business, home or governmental facility, these fiberglass panels offer ballistic resistant security with the additional performance advantages of durability, corrosion resistance, electrical non-conductivity, low thermal conductivity and light weight.
Heavy Duty Fiberglass Grating Our heavy duty fiberglass grating is available in both molded and pultruded grating systems. Both types of heavy duty fiberglass grating are designed to carry forklift and tractor-trailer loads that traditional molded and pultruded FRP grating products are not designed to support. Heavy duty fiberglass grating provides greater durability for higher volume traffic areas as well. Additionally, Heavy Duty Fiberglass Grating can be used to free span longer distances than traditional fiberglass grating.
Fiberglass Stair Treads and Fiberglass Stair Tread Covers Lightweight and easy to install, fiberglass stair treads are available in both molded and pultruded types to match the fiberglass floor grating platforms. Fiberglass stair tread covers are made from a molded glass and resin system that is corrosion and impact resistant, fire retardant and non-conductive. They provide a cost effective, slip-resistant protective surface for concrete, metal and wood steps.
Fiberglass Grating Handrails and Fiberglass Ladders Fiberglass Grating Handrails and Fiberglass Ladders
Fiberglass handrail systems are fabricated from pultruded fiberglass components and molded thermoplastic connectors. Our modular fiberglass grating handrail systems are available in 2-inch square or 2-inch round configurations that are easy to grip, making them ideal for any high traffic area. Our fiberglass ladders and cages can be installed in a variety of applications from sump pumps to tanks, buildings, piers, portable equipment, etc., providing years of strength and dependability.
Fiberglass Attachments and Fiberglass Clips Our fiberglass grating attachments and clips are specially designed to secure fiberglass grating or plates to the supporting structures. Additionally, they are used to fasten together adjacent grating panels, which minimizes load-induced differential deflection. All fiberglass attachments and clips are made of Type 316 stainless steel and are available in 1-, 1-1/2- and 2-inch sizes.
Fiberglass plates feature a non-conductive surface that makes them an economical and safe solution to walking surfaces. In caustic and/or acidic conditions, fiberglass plates provide a level of corrosion resistance that is unequaled and more cost effective than stainless steel. Fiberglass plate is available with a non-grit surface or with a grit surface where anti-slip traction is needed.
Fiberglass Structural Shapes Our fiberglass structural shapes and pultruded fiberglass profiles are made from a combination of fiberglass and thermosetting resin systems. All shapes are lightweight, impact resistant, low maintenance, non-magnetic, low conductive and have dimensional stability, making them easy to install and ideal for several applications. Custom shapes are available upon request.
Composite (GFRP) Gratings : What is GFRP (Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic)?
GFRP is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fiber, aiming to form better physical and chemical properties. GFRP is a production material such as metal, wood, glass, concrete. GFRP materials has important advantages as against other production materials, new features can be acquired according to requirements.
What is GFRP Grating?
Molded GFRP gratings are produced in special molds with wet lamination process, consist of glass fiber, resin, additives and pigment. After these raw materials harden, GFRP gratings are pressed out of the mold. Molded GFRP gratings are light, anti-corrosive, have high chemical and physical resistances and electrically non-conductive.
Components: Resin, glass fiber, additives and pigment are the basic components of the GFRP materials. It can be produced any material which are proper for the requirements by changing these components.
Resin: Chemical resistance, flexibility and UV resistance of the GFRP gratings are determined by the resin. Resins are chose according to the environment; orthophthalic resin for general usage, isophthalic resin for chemical environment and vinyl ester resin for extremely heavy chemical environment.
Glass Fiber: Multi-layered continuous glass fibers are used in production. Molded GFRP gratings have high mechanical resistance due to glass fiber.
Additives: Additives such as UV stabilizers, flame retardants and low smoke density retardants increase mechanical and chemical resistance and add new superior features.
Pigment: Pigments make it possible to give the GFRP gratings any color. This makes it happen to use GFRP gratings in architectural projects.
Fibre-reinforced plastic (FRP) (also called fibre-reinforced polymer, or fiber-reinforced plastic) is a composite material made of a polymer matrix reinforced with fibres. The fibres are usually glass, carbon, aramid, or basalt. Rarely, other fibres such as paper, wood, or asbestos have been used. The polymer is usually an epoxy, vinylester, or polyester thermosetting plastic, though phenol formaldehyde resins are still in use.
FRPs are commonly used in the aerospace, automotive, marine, and construction industries. They are commonly found in ballistic armor as well.
A polymer is generally manufactured by step-growth polymerization or addition polymerization. When combined with various agents to enhance or in any way alter the material properties of polymers the result is referred to as a plastic. Composite plastics refer to those types of plastics that result from bonding two or more homogeneous materials with different material properties to derive a final product with certain desired material and mechanical properties. Fibre-reinforced plastics are a category of composite plastics that specifically use fibre materials to mechanically enhance the strength and elasticity of plastics.
The original plastic material without fibre reinforcement is known as the matrix or binding agent. The matrix is a tough but relatively weak plastic that is reinforced by stronger stiffer reinforcing filaments or fibres. The extent that strength and elasticity are enhanced in a fibre-reinforced plastic depends on the mechanical properties of both the fibre and matrix, their volume relative to one another, and the fibre length and orientation within the matrix.[1] Reinforcement of the matrix occurs by definition when the FRP material exhibits increased strength or elasticity relative to the strength and elasticity of the matrix alone.
FRP can be applied to strengthen the beams, columns, and slabs of buildings and bridges. It is possible to increase the strength of structural members even after they have been severely damaged due to loading conditions. In the case of damaged reinforced concrete members, this would first require the repair of the member by removing loose debris and filling in cavities and cracks with mortar or epoxy resin. Once the member is repaired, strengthening can be achieved through wet, hand lay-up of impregnating the fibre sheets with epoxy resin then applying them to the cleaned and prepared surfaces of the member.
Two techniques are typically adopted for the strengthening of beams, relating to the strength enhancement desired: flexural strengthening or shear strengthening. In many cases it may be necessary to provide both strength enhancements. For the flexural strengthening of a beam, FRP sheets or plates are applied to the tension face of the member (the bottom face for a simply supported member with applied top loading or gravity loading). Principal tensile fibres are oriented in the beam longitudinal axis, similar to its internal flexural steel reinforcement. This increases the beam strength and its stiffness (load required to cause unit deflection), however decreases the deflection capacity and ductility.
For the shear strengthening of a beam, the FRP is applied on the web (sides) of a member with fibres oriented transverse to the beam's longitudinal axis. Resisting of shear forces is achieved in a similar manner as internal steel stirrups, by bridging shear cracks that form under applied loading. FRP can be applied in several configurations, depending on the exposed faces of the member and the degree of strengthening desired, this includes: side bonding, U-wraps (U-jackets), and closed wraps (complete wraps). Side bonding involves applying FRP to the sides of the beam only. It provides the least amount of shear strengthening due to failures caused by de-bonding from the concrete surface at the FRP free edges. For U-wraps, the FRP is applied continuously in a 'U' shape around the sides and bottom (tension) face of the beam. If all faces of a beam are accessible, the use of closed wraps is desirable as they provide the most strength enhancement. Closed wrapping involves applying FRP around the entire perimeter of the member, such that there are no free ends and the typical failure mode is rupture of the fibres. For all wrap configurations, the FRP can be applied along the length of the member as a continuous sheet or as discrete strips, having a predefined minimum width and spacing.
Slabs may be strengthened by applying FRP strips at their bottom (tension) face. This will result in better flexural performance, since the tensile resistance of the slabs is supplemented by the tensile strength of FRP. In the case of beams and slabs, the effectiveness of FRP strengthening depends on the performance of the resin chosen for bonding. This is particularly an issue for shear strengthening using side bonding or U-wraps. Columns are typically wrapped with FRP around their perimeter, as with closed or complete wrapping. This not only results in higher shear resistance, but more crucial for column design, it results in increased compressive strength under axial loading. The FRP wrap works by restraining the lateral expansion of the column, which can enhance confinement in a similar manner as spiral reinforcement does for the column core.
Molded Grating Pedestals โรงงานผู้ผลิตเกรตติ้งฝาบ่อฝาท่อตะแกรงระบายน้ำ grating manhole
Fibergrate Adjustable Grating Pedestals are high quality components designed to support elevated grating applications. Infinitely adjustable within their specified range, standard pedestals raise grating platforms and custom pedestals with cross bracing can raise floors above the base elevation.
Pedestals are available for 1", 1-1/2" and 2" deep square mesh Fibergrate or Chemgrate molded fiberglass gratings. Pedestal heads are stocked in "single head" and "quad head" designs facilitating quick, safe and economical installation of elevated platforms.
ADJUSTABLE - Create level walking surfaces on sloping floors
VERSATILE - Available for all Fibergrate and Chemgrate square mesh gratings
COST EFFECTIVE - Low installation cost, easily relocated to other areas
LIGHTWEIGHT - Modular, adjustable components are lightweight and reduce lifting
CORROSION RESISTANT - Thermoplastic polyester and pultruded vinyl ester are resistant to most industrial wet-floor applications
Grating Pedestal Supports
Fibreglass Grating ? Grating Pedestal Supports
From time to time, FRP grating will need to be supported in walkway areas where using traditional support and framing methods either cannot be used or are unsuitable to the working environment.
Areas, such as, Chemical bunds, Raised floor platforms & work stations, Chemical Treatment Dosing Plant Rooms, Raised non slip walkway access across drainage floors and work spaces,
Suspended floor grating, cable ladder runs, concealing pipe work and electrical services underneath, Areas required to be non conductive.
our FRPP pedestal supports that can raise our FRP floor grating, and link into the mesh pattern of our grating. The panels of our grating can be joined, on the one pedestal eliminating multiple pedestals in the same area. The wide based pedestals can be fixed to the floor if required, and also to the top of our grating, using our 316 s/s hold down clips to suit. This provides an extremely solid base, which can take high loads. Available in a range of heights, and completely adjustable to accommodate uneven floors, we can supply a pedestal to suit your application.
FRP Stair Solutions - Stair Treads
Fiberglass stair treads and stair covers are an essential complement to molded and pultruded grating installations. These corrosion and slip resistant treads are manufactured with a defined visible nosing and provide safe footing in the most challenging environments.
Stair treads and covers can be supplied cut to precise customer specified sizes or in stock panels that are easily field fabricated.
stair tread covers are a convenient way to provide solid slip-resistant footing for existing treads that are still structurally sound. Stair tread covers may be installed over wood, concrete or metal treads. Standard industrial color is dark gray with a highly visible safety yellow nosing and light gray for architectural applications.
An integral aluminum oxide grit-top surface provides secure footing for maximum safety and a highly durable tread. Reinforced with a woven glass mat for durability and impact resistance, these tread covers come in made to order widths. The standard thickness is various thick covers available for heavy duty applications. Standard long panels are easily cut to size during installation, or are available precut to custom lengths.
Phosphorescent Nosing :Fiber plate stair tread covers can be ordered with a special phosphorescent coating for the nosing area, causing it to glow even after the primary light source has been removed. The special nosing is perfect in stairways which serve as emergency exits during power outages, outdoor accessways where lighting is periodically dimmed as in arenas and concert halls or as a safety measure for nighttime operation in outdoor applications such as on passenger ships. This special nosing has been tested in accordance with ISO/TC Ships and Marine Technology - Low Location Lighting on Passenger Ships.
Fibreglass Grating > FRP Tread Covers > Tread Grip
Some superior features of TreadGrip are.
Durability: TreadGrip is a high quality composite of glass woven matting impregnated with isophthalic polyester resin. The energy absorption and flexibility of TreadGrip. ensures its long life, even in the busiest of environments.
Slip Resistant: A compound of carbon and silicon grit is added in the final layer of laminate providing a superb slip resistant and hard wearing surface.
Corrosion Resistant: TreadGrip is resistant to a wide range of chemicals and is perfectly suited for use even in the harshest of environments. Chemical resistance guides available on request.
Simple to install: The versatility of TreadGrip. allows it to be applied to almost any surface such as concrete, steel or wood. The fact that it is supplied as a finished product means that it can be walked on straight away thus keeping disruption to a minimum.
supply FRP stair treads in both molded and pultruded grating profiles. Available in isopthalic, vinyl ester and phenolic fire retardant resin systems, to suit both industrial and domestic applications.
Molded FRP stair treads come with a contrast nose edge as required by the Australian Standards for stairways to have a contrasting front edge (nosing) colour for ascending and descending stairs resulting in a safer stairway.
Generally our stair treads colours are: Grey with yellow nosing. Other colours are available should you wish to match up with aesthetics and / or the environment.
Available in our standard tread panels or we can cut to size, we welcome your enquiry.
Our standard treads have an anti slip grit top surface, but we can also supply treads with a concave top which is also anti slip, but easy to clean, for example, for the food and beverage industry. Our treads are secured to the angle supports underneath using our 316 s/s Type M hold down clips you can see those in the molded grating index on the Installation Accessories page.
If you own a building, run a business or manage a public space that has stairs then you are obliged to ensure that everyone using the stairs is safe. Anti Slip Stair Nosing is an excellent way to ensure that the stairs are as safe as possible.
Anti Slip Stair Nosing can reduce the chances of accidents occurring dramatically. The leading edge of a stair can become slippery when wet and even internal stairs can become slippery during rain as people track the water inside. With high quality Edge Grip FRP Anti Slip Stair Nosing from Monaco you can make sure that the leading edge of the stairs are not slippery even in the wettest conditions.
These anti slip stair nosings can be fitted in many different situations, including the following, public spaces, commercial areas and industries:
Railway stations , Public squares and parks, Milking sheds,Industrial tank stairs,Industrial and commercial sites,Schools,Ski fields,Fire escapes, Oil rigs Ports
Our Edge Grip FRP Anti Slip Stair Nosing comes in pre-formed robust fibreglass panels that are incredibly durable and the silicone carbon grit top finish provides a highly slip resistant surface. We offer two slip resistant surfaces, one light grit made for interior situations and the other heavier grit made for exterior uses.
Edge Grip FRP Anti Slip Stair Nosing has a patented featheredge meaning that it can be fitted to virtually every type of step without creating a trip hazard making it the safest all-round Anti Slip Stair Nosing.
Applications of Fibre Glass Grating โรงงานผู้ผลิตเกรตติ้งฝาบ่อฝาท่อตะแกรงระบายน้ำ grating manhole
A cryostat made of fiberglass
Fiberglass is an immensely versatile material due to its light weight, inherent strength, weather-resistant finish and variety of surface textures.
The development of fiber-reinforced plastic for commercial use was extensively researched in the 1930s. It was of particular interest to the aviation industry. A means of mass production of glass strands was accidentally discovered in 1932 when a researcher at Owens-Illinois directed a jet of compressed air at a stream of molten glass and produced fibers. After Owens merged with the Corning company in 1935, Owens Corning adapted the method to produce its patented "Fiberglas" (one "s"). A suitable resin for combining the "Fiberglas" with a plastic was developed in 1936 by du Pont. The first ancestor of modern polyester resins is Cyanamid's of 1942. Peroxide curing systems were used by then.
During World War II, fiberglass was developed as a replacement for the molded plywood used in aircraft radomes (fiberglass being transparent to microwaves). Its first main civilian application was for the building of boats and sports car bodies, where it gained acceptance in the 1950s. Its use has broadened to the automotive and sport equipment sectors. In production of some products, such as aircraft, carbon fiber is now used instead of fiberglass, which is stronger by volume and weight.
Advanced manufacturing techniques such as pre-pregs and fiber rovings extend fiberglass's applications and the tensile strength possible with fiber-reinforced plastics.
Fiberglass is also used in the telecommunications industry for shrouding antennas, due to its RF permeability and low signal attenuation properties. It may also be used to conceal other equipment where no signal permeability is required, such as equipment cabinets and steel support structures, due to the ease with which it can be molded and painted to blend with existing structures and surfaces. Other uses include sheet-form electrical insulators and structural components commonly found in power-industry products.
Because of fiberglass's light weight and durability, it is often used in protective equipment such as helmets. Many sports use fiberglass protective gear, such as goaltenders' and catchers' masks.
Storage tanks Several large fiberglass tanks at an airport
Storage tanks can be made of fiberglass with capacities up to about 300 tonnes. Smaller tanks can be made with chopped strand mat cast over a thermoplastic inner tank which acts as a preform during construction. Much more reliable tanks are made using woven mat or filament wound fiber, with the fiber orientation at right angles to the hoop stress imposed in the side wall by the contents. Such tanks tend to be used for chemical storage because the plastic liner (often polypropylene) is resistant to a wide range of corrosive chemicals. Fiberglass is also used for septic tanks.
House building Glass-reinforced plastics are also used to produce house building components such as roofing laminate, door surrounds, over-door canopies, window canopies and dormers, chimneys, coping systems, and heads with keystones and sills. The material's reduced weight and easier handling, compared to wood or metal, allows faster installation. Mass-produced fiberglass brick-effect panels can be used in the construction of composite housing, and can include insulation to reduce heat loss.
Fiberglass Grating Structural stair treads Pultruded profiles ladders solid plate stair tread covers nosings hand railings fittings deck Covered Grating FLANGES cable trays FRP transparent grating hand-lay-up products Trench & duct covers Special grating Grating clips FRP molded grating FRP/GRP walkways anti-slip
A slick and moist floor is a significant hazard. Some surfaces like tile and laminate are prone to becoming extremely slippery when moist. Accidents that occur as a result of a misplaced foot can be embarrassing, painful, and very costly. It is always a good idea to have anti-slip floor mats set in place, especially in an area prone to wet conditions. Rubber-Cals line of safety flooring mats is an ideal and affordable solution to safeguarding your area from the dangers of moisture while making sure that you and your guests are secure on your feet. A huge part of this safety lies in the rubber material used to make our anti-skid flooring. It enhances traction and inhibits moisture at the same time. Every type of floor, whether it is residential, commercial, or industrial, can benefit from the presence of rubber traction mats.
The primary feature about anti-slip floor mats is that they increase the safety of wet areas. Business owners take an interest in rubber non-slip mats because of this reason. Some commercial venues like restaurant kitchens are hazardous areas that see lots of loose liquids getting onto their existing floors. Without any safety flooring in place, the risk of workers slipping and injuring themselves is far greater. In addition to kitchen areas, these mats are ideal to place at entryways when there are wet weather conditions. With rubber anti-slip floor mats placed in such areas, people will experience more security while on their feet. This safety is provided in large part thanks to the rubber material that is used in our traction mats.
Types of glass fiber used
Main article: Glass fiber
Composition: the most common types of glass fiber used in fiberglass is E-glass, which is alumino-borosilicate glass with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, mainly used for glass-reinforced plastics. Other types of glass used are A-glass (Alkali-lime glass with little or no boron oxide), E-CR-glass (Electrical/Chemical Resistance; alumino-lime silicate with less than 1% w/w alkali oxides, with high acid resistance), C-glass (alkali-lime glass with high boron oxide content, used for glass staple fibers and insulation), D-glass (borosilicate glass, named for its low Dielectric constant), R-glass (alumino silicate glass without MgO and CaO with high mechanical requirements as Reinforcement), and S-glass (alumino silicate glass without CaO but with high MgO content with high tensile strength)
Naming and use: pure silica (silicon dioxide), when cooled as fused quartz into a glass with no true melting point, can be used as a glass fiber for fiberglass, but has the drawback that it must be worked at very high temperatures. In order to lower the necessary work temperature, other materials are introduced as "fluxing agents" (i.e., components to lower the melting point). Ordinary A-glass ("A" for "alkali-lime") or soda lime glass, crushed and ready to be remelted, as so-called cullet glass, was the first type of glass used for fiberglass.
E-glass ("E" because of initial Electrical application), is alkali free, and was the first glass formulation used for continuous filament formation. It now makes up most of the fiberglass production in the world, and also is the single largest consumer of boron minerals globally.
It is susceptible to chloride ion attack and is a poor choice for marine applications. S-glass ("S" for "stiff") is used when tensile strength (high modulus) is important, and is thus an important building and aircraft epoxy composite (it is called R-glass, "R" for "reinforcement" in Europe). C-glass ("C" for "chemical resistance") and T-glass ("T" is for "thermal insulator"a North American variant of C-glass) are resistant to chemical attack; both are often found in insulation-grades of blown fiberglass.
ใยแก้วหรือไฟบอร์กลาสเป็นวัสดุสังเคราะห์ชนิดหนึ่ง เป็นวัตถุดิบหลักที่ใช้ในการขึ้นรูปงานไฟเบอร์กลาส โดยทั่วไปจะแบ่งประเภทใยแก้วออกเป็นชนิต่างๆตามคุณสมบัติ ดังนี้
1. ชนิด A glass ( Alkali ) ใช้สำหรับงานที่ต้องการทนสารเคมีที่เป็นด่าง
2. ชนิด C glass ( Chemical ) ใช้สำหรับงานที่ต้องการทนสารเคมีที่เป้นกรดและกัดกร่อน
3. ชนิด E glass ( Electrical ป ใช้สำหรับงานที่ต้องการรับแรงและเป็นฉนวนป้องกันไฟฟ้าได้ดี
4. ชนิด S glass ( High Strength ) ใช้สำหรับงานที่ต้องการรับแรงสูงที่สูงกว่าชนิด E glass
ABS is a low cost engineering plastic that is easy to machine and fabricate. ABS is an ideal material for structural applications when impact resistance, strength, and stiffness are required. It is widely used for machining pre-production prototypes since it has excellent dimensional stability and is easy to paint and glue. Natural (beige) ABS and black ABS are FDA compliant for use in food processing applications. The following physical property information is based on typical values of the base acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin. ABS is a terpolymer made by polymerizing styrene and acrylonitrile in the presence of polybutadiene. The proportions can vary from 15 to 35% acrylonitrile, 5 to 30% butadiene and 40 to 60% styrene. The result is a long chain of polybutadiene criss-crossed with shorter chains of poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile). The nitrile groups from neighboring chains, being polar, attract each other and bind the chains together, making ABS stronger than pure polystyrene. The styrene gives the plastic a shiny, impervious surface. The polybutadiene, a rubbery substance, provides toughness even at low temperatures. For the majority of applications, ABS can be used between -20 and 80 C (-4 and 176 F) as its mechanical properties vary with temperature. The properties are created by rubber toughening, where fine particles of elastomer are distributed throughout the rigid matrix.
The most important mechanical properties of ABS are impact resistance and toughness. A variety of modifications can be made to improve impact resistance, toughness, and heat resistance. The impact resistance can be amplified by increasing the proportions of polybutadiene in relation to styrene and also acrylonitrile, although this causes changes in other properties. Impact resistance does not fall off rapidly at lower temperatures. Stability under load is excellent with limited loads. Thus, by changing the proportions of its components, ABS can be prepared in different grades. Two major categories could be ABS for extrusion and ABS for injection moulding, then high and medium impact resistance. Generally ABS would have useful characteristics within a temperature range from ?20 to 80 C (?4 to 176 F).
Lego bricks are made from ABS.
The final properties will be influenced to some extent by the conditions under which the material is processed to the final product. For example, molding at a high temperature improves the gloss and heat resistance of the product whereas the highest impact resistance and strength are obtained by molding at low temperature. Fibers (usually glass fibers) and additives can be mixed in the resin pellets to make the final product strong and raise the operating range to as high as 80 C (176 F). Pigments can also be added, as the raw material original color is translucent ivory to white. The aging characteristics of the polymers are largely influenced by the polybutadiene content, and it is normal to include antioxidants in the composition. Other factors include exposure to ultraviolet radiation, for which additives are also available to protect against.
ABS polymers are resistant to aqueous acids, alkalis, concentrated hydrochloric and phosphoric acids, alcohols and animal, vegetable and mineral oils, but they are swollen by glacial acetic acid, carbon tetrachloride and aromatic hydrocarbons and are attacked by concentrated sulfuric and nitric acids. They are soluble in esters, ketones, ethylene dichloride and acetone.
Even though ABS plastics are used largely for mechanical purposes, they also have electrical properties that are fairly constant over a wide range of frequencies. These properties are little affected by temperature and atmospheric humidity in the acceptable operating range of temperatures.
ABS is flammable when it is exposed to high temperatures, such as those of a wood fire. It will melt and then boil, at which point the vapors burst into intense, hot flames. Since pure ABS contains no halogens, its combustion does not typically produce any persistent organic pollutants, and the most toxic products of its combustion or pyrolysis are carbon monoxide and hydrogen cyanide. ABS is also damaged by sunlight. This caused one of the most widespread and expensive automobile recalls in US history due to the degradation of the seatbelt release buttons.
ABS can be recycled, although it is not accepted by all recycling facilities.
Production
ABS is derived from acrylonitrile, butadiene, and styrene. Acrylonitrile is a synthetic monomer produced from propylene and ammonia; butadiene is a petroleum hydrocarbon obtained from the C4 fraction of steam cracking; styrene monomer is made by dehydrogenation of ethyl benzene a hydrocarbon obtained in the reaction of ethylene and benzene.
ABS combines the strength and rigidity of acrylonitrile and styrene polymers with the toughness of polybutadiene rubber. While the cost of producing ABS is roughly twice the cost of producing polystyrene, it is considered superior for its hardness, gloss, toughness, and electrical insulation properties.
7. Polypropylene (PP) Plastic
What is Polypropylene (PP), and What is it Used For? Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic addition polymer made from the combination of propylene monomers. It is used in a variety of applications to include packaging for consumer products, plastic parts for various industries including the automotive industry, special devices like living hinges, and textiles. Polypropylene was first polymerized in 1951 by a pair of Phillips petroleum scientists named Paul Hogan and Robert Banks and later by Italian and German scientists Natta and Rehn. It became prominent extremely fast, as commercial production began barely three years after Italian chemist, Professor Giulio Natta, first polymerized it. Natta perfected and synthesized the first polypropylene resin in Spain in 1954, and the ability of polypropylene to crystallize created a lot of excitement. By 1957, its popularity had exploded and widespread commercial production began across Europe. Today it is one of the most commonly produced plastics in the world.
CNC Cut Polypropylene Living Hinge Prototype Child Safe Lid, CNC Cut Polypropylene Living Hinge Prototype Child Safe Lid by Creative Mechanisms
According to some reports, the current global demand for the material generates an annual market of about 45 million metric tons and it is estimated that the demand will rise to approximately 62 million metric tons by 2020. The major end users of polypropylene are the packaging industry, which consumes about 30% of the total, followed by the electrical and equipment manufacturing, which uses about 13% each. Household appliances and automotive industries both consume 10% each and construction materials follows with 5% of the market. Other applications together make up the rest of the global polypropylene consumption.
Polypropylene has a relatively slippery surface which can make it a possible substitute for plastics like Acetal (POM) in low friction applications like gears or for use as a contact point for furniture. Perhaps a negative aspect of this quality is that it can be difficult to bond Polypropylene to other surfaces (i.e. it does not adhere well to certain glues that work fine with other plastics and sometimes has to be welded in the event that forming a joint is required). Although polypropylene is slippery at the molecular level, it does have a relatively high coefficient of friction - which is why acetal, nylon, or PTFE would be used instead. Polypropylene also has a low density relative to other common plastics which translates to weight savings for manufacturers and distributors of injection molded Polypropylene parts. It has exceptional resistance at room temperature to organic solvents like fats but is subject to oxidation at higher temperatures (a potential issue during injection molding).
One of the major benefits of Polypropylene is that it can be manufactured (either through CNC or injection molding, thermoforming, or crimping) into a living hinge. Living hinges are extremely thin pieces of plastic that bend without breaking (even over extreme ranges of motion nearing 360 degrees). They are not particularly useful for structural applications like holding up a heavy door but are exceptionally useful for non load-bearing applications such as the lid on a bottle of ketchup or shampoo. Polypropylene is uniquely adept for living hinges because it does not break when repeatedly bent. One of the other advantages is that polypropylene can be CNC machined to include a living hinge which allows for faster prototype development and is less expensive than other prototyping methods. Creative Mechanisms is unique in our ability to machine living hinges from a single piece of polypropylene.
Another advantage of Polypropylene is that it can be easily copolymerized (essentially combined into a composite plastic) with other polymers like polyethylene. Copolymerization changes the material properties significantly, allowing for more robust engineering applications than are possible with pure polypropylene (more of a commodity plastic on its own).
The characteristics mentioned above and below mean that polypropylene is used in a variety of applications: dishwasher safe plates, trays, cups, etc, opaque to-go containers, and many toys.
What are the Characteristics of Polypropylene? โรงงานผู้ผลิตเกรตติ้งฝาบ่อฝาท่อตะแกรงระบายน้ำ grating manhole Some of the most significant properties of polypropylene are:
Chemical Resistance: Diluted bases and acids dont react readily with polypropylene, which makes it a good choice for containers of such liquids, such as cleaning agents, first-aid products, and more.
Elasticity and Toughness: Polypropylene will act with elasticity over a certain range of deflection (like all materials), but it will also experience plastic deformation early on in the deformation process, so it is generally considered a "tough" material. Toughness is an engineering term which is defined as a material's ability to deform (plastically, not elastically) without breaking..
Fatigue Resistance: Polypropylene retains its shape after a lot of torsion, bending, and/or flexing. This property is especially valuable for making living hinges.
Insulation: polypropylene has a very high resistance to electricity and is very useful for electronic components.
Transmissivity: Although Polypropylene can be made transparent, it is normally produced to be naturally opaque in color. Polypropylene can be used for applications where some transfer of light is important or where it is of aesthetic value. If high transmissivity is desired then plastics like Acrylic or Polycarbonate are better choices.
Polypropylene is classified as a thermoplastic (as opposed to thermoset) material which has to do with the way the plastic responds to heat. Thermoplastic materials become liquid at their melting point (roughly 130 degrees Celsius in the case of polypropylene). A major useful attribute about thermoplastics is that they can be heated to their melting point, cooled, and reheated again without significant degradation. Instead of burning, thermoplastics like polypropylene liquefy, which allows them to be easily injection molded and then subsequently recycled. By contrast, thermoset plastics can only be heated once (typically during the injection molding process). The first heating causes thermoset materials to set (similar to a 2-part epoxy) resulting in a chemical change that cannot be reversed. If you tried to heat a thermoset plastic to a high temperature a second time it would simply burn. This characteristic makes thermoset materials poor candidates for recycling.
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